Functional groups

In organic chemistry, a functional group is a specific group of atoms or bonds within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions and properties of that molecule. Functional groups determine the reactivity, solubility, and other chemical and physical properties of organic molecules. Here are some common functional groups and their structures:

1. Alkyl group: R- (where R represents any carbon chain)
2. Hydroxyl group: -OH
3. Carbonyl group: C=O
4. Carboxyl group: -COOH
5. Amino group: -NH2
6. Ester group: -COO-
7. Ether group: -O-
8. Halogen group: -F, -Cl, -Br, -I
9. Nitro group: -NO2
10. Amide group: -CONH2

These functional groups can be found in a variety of organic compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, esters, ethers, halides, and nitro compounds.