Memo

은퇴 나이가 처음 법적으로 정해진 시기

##- 2022. 7. 25. 17:18
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Source: https://www.ssa.gov/history/age65.html

 

65세 은퇴
독일 전례

독일은 1889년 독일의 총리 오토 폰 비스마르크가 설계한 노령 사회보험 프로그램을 채택한 세계 최초의 국가가 되었다. 이 아이디어는 1881년 독일의 황제 빌헬름 1세가 독일 의회에 보낸 획기적인 편지에서 비스마르크의 명령에 의해 처음으로 제안되었다. 윌리엄은 다음과 같이 썼다: ". 나이와 무효로 인해 직장에서 장애를 가진 사람들은 국가로부터 보살핌을 받아야 한다는 충분한 근거가 있는 주장을 가지고 있다."

독일 프로그램에 대한 한 가지 지속적인 신화는 비스마르크의 나이였기 때문에 65세를 표준 정년으로 채택했다는 것이다. 실제로 독일은 처음에 70세를 정년으로 정했고(당시 비스마르크 본인도 74세였다) 27년 후(1916년)에야 65세로 낮아졌다. 그 무렵 비스마르크는 죽은 지 18년이 되었다.

 

사회보장제도에서 정년의 기원

1935년 미국이 사회보험으로 전환했을 때 독일의 제도는 65세를 정년으로 사용하고 있었다. 그러나 이것은 경제 안보 위원회가 65세를 사회 보장 하의 정년으로 제안했을 때 주요한 영향력은 아니었다. 이 결정은 어떤 철학적 원칙이나 유럽 전례에 근거하지 않았다. 사실, 그것은 주로 실용적이었고, 두 가지 출처에서 비롯되었다. 하나는 당시 존재했던 몇 안 되는 민간 연금 제도와 더 중요한 것은 당시 운용 중이던 30개 주 노령 연금 제도에서 만연한 은퇴 연령에 대한 일반적인 관측이었다. 국가 연금 제도의 약 절반은 65세를 정년으로 사용했고 절반은 70세를 사용했다. 1934년 이전에 의회를 통과한 새로운 연방 철도 퇴직 제도는 또한 65세를 정년으로 사용했다. 이 모든 것을 고려하여, CES 기획자들은 아마도 65세가 70세보다 더 합리적일 것이라고 대략적인 판단을 내렸다. 그리고 나서 이 판단은 보험수리적 연구에 의해 확인되었다. 그 연구는 65세를 사용하는 것이 적정 수준의 급여 과세만으로 쉽게 자급자족할 수 있는 관리 가능한 시스템을 만들어낸다는 것을 보여주었다. 그래서 이 두 가지 요소, 즉 지배적인 은퇴 기준에 대한 실용적인 판단과 65세 사용의 유리한 보험수리적 결과는 사회보장 하에서 65세가 은퇴 연령으로 선택되는 실질적인 근거가 되었다. 비스마르크 수상에게는 미안하지만, 그는 그것과 아무 관련이 없었다.

Age 65 Retirement

The German Precedent

Germany became the first nation in the world to adopt an old-age social insurance program in 1889, designed by Germany's Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. The idea was first put forward, at Bismarck's behest, in 1881 by Germany's Emperor, William the First, in a ground-breaking letter to the German Parliament. William wrote: ". . . those who are disabled from work by age and invalidity have a well-grounded claim to care from the state."

One persistent myth about the German program is that it adopted age 65 as the standard retirement age because that was Bismarck's age. In fact, Germany initially set age 70 as the retirement age (and Bismarck himself was 74 at the time) and it was not until 27 years later (in 1916) that the age was lowered to 65. By that time, Bismarck had been dead for 18 years.

 

The Origins of the Retirement Age in Social Security

By the time America moved to social insurance in 1935 the German system was using age 65 as its retirement age. But this was not the major influence on the Committee on Economic Security (CES) when it proposed age 65 as the retirement age under Social Security. This decision was not based on any philosophical principle or European precedent. It was, in fact, primarily pragmatic, and stemmed from two sources. One was a general observation about prevailing retirement ages in the few private pension systems in existence at the time and, more importantly, the 30 state old-age pension systems then in operation. Roughly half of the state pension systems used age 65 as the retirement age and half used age 70. The new federal Railroad Retirement System passed by Congress earlier in 1934, also used age 65 as its retirement age. Taking all this into account, the CES planners made a rough judgment that age 65 was probably more reasonable than age 70. This judgment was then confirmed by the actuarial studies. The studies showed that using age 65 produced a manageable system that could easily be made self-sustaining with only modest levels of payroll taxation. So these two factors, a kind of pragmatic judgment about prevailing retirement standards and the favorable actuarial outcome of using age 65, combined to be the real basis on which age 65 was chosen as the age for retirement under Social Security. With all due respect to Chancellor Bismarck, he had nothing to do with it.

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